Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is often caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Early stages of cervical cancer may not present symptoms, but as it progresses, common symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods or after intercourse), pelvic pain, unusual discharge, and discomfort during intercourse.

Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, a weakened immune system, and not having regular Pap smears. Smoking and long-term use of birth control pills also increase risk.

Treatment options depend on the cancer stage. Surgery may involve a hysterectomy or cone biopsy to remove cancerous tissue. Radiation therapy can be used in conjunction with chemotherapy for advanced cases. Chemotherapy may be used alone or alongside radiation. Additionally, immunotherapy may be an option for advanced cervical cancer. Regular screenings and HPV vaccination can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

Some treatment options for cervical cancers are: 

• Surgery:
  • Cone Biopsy: Removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix for early-stage cancer.
  • Hysterectomy: Complete removal of the uterus and cervix, with or without removal of nearby tissues and lymph nodes.
• Radiation Therapy:
  • External Beam Radiation: Targets the cancer from outside the body.
  • Brachytherapy: Involves placing radioactive material inside the cervix or nearby tissues.
• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells, often combined with radiation for advanced cervical cancer or used alone for metastatic cases.
• Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific molecules involved in cancer growth, such as bevacizumab (Avastin), used in combination with chemotherapy for advanced cases.
• Immunotherapy: Enhances the immune system’s ability to fight cancer, especially for recurrent or advanced cervical cancer with specific biomarkers.

Palliative Care: Aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life for advanced-stage patients, addressing pain and other discomforts.