Breast cancer originates in the cells of the breast, and it’s one of the most common cancers among women, though men can also be affected. Symptoms may include a noticeable lump in the breast or underarm, changes in breast shape or size, skin changes (like dimpling or redness), persistent pain, and discharge from the nipple. Early detection through screening is crucial, as many cases are asymptomatic initially.

Risk factors include age (increased risk after 50), family history of breast cancer, genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2), prolonged exposure to oestrogen, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and heavy alcohol consumption.

Treatment options depend on the cancer stage and type. Surgery may involve lumpectomy (removing the tumour) or mastectomy (removing the entire breast). Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are commonly used to target remaining cancer cells. Hormonal therapy and targeted therapy are effective for specific subtypes of breast cancer. Regular screenings enhance early detection and improve outcomes.

Some treatment options for breast cancers include: 

• Surgery:
  • Lumpectomy: Removal of the tumour and a small margin of surrounding tissue.
  • Mastectomy: Removal of one or both breasts, either partially or completely.
• Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy rays to target and destroy remaining cancer cells, often used after surgery to reduce recurrence risk.
• Chemotherapy: Involves drugs that kill or slow the growth of cancer cells, usually given before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery.
• Hormonal (Endocrine) Therapy: Used for hormone receptor-positive cancers to block oestrogen’s effects or lower oestrogen levels, often administered after surgery.
• Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific genetic mutations or proteins in cancer cells, such as HER2-positive cancers, using drugs like trastuzumab (Herceptin).
• Immunotherapy: Enhances the immune system’s ability to recognize and fight cancer, primarily used in specific subtypes of breast cancer.

Palliative Care: Provides symptom management and support to improve quality of life for advanced-stage patients, addressing pain, anxiety, and other issues.